Includes bibliographical references and index.

1 Sustainable Building 1 1.1 Building Functions 1 1.2 Building Elements 2 1.2.1 Input: Energy 2 1.2.2 Input: Water 3 1.2.3 Input: Materials 5 1.2.4 Output: Waste 6 1.2.5 Output: Pollution 7 1.2.6 Output: Poor Health 7 1.3 Definition of Sustainable Building 7 1.4 Origin and Significance of Sustainable Building 8 1.5 Sustainable Principles 11 1.5.1 Reduce 12 1.5.2 Reuse 13 1.5.3 Recycle 13 1.5.4 Regenerate 13 1.6 Three-Layer Design Approach 14 1.7 Three-Tier Design Approach 16 1.8 Two Case Studies 18 Homework Problems 20 References 21 2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 23 2.1 Life Phases of a Building 23 2.2 Design Process of a Building 24 2.3 Integrated Design Process of a Sustainable Building 27 2.4 Basics of Cost and Economic Analysis 30 2.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 35 2.5.1 Terminologies 35 2.5.2 Life Cycle Cost 36 2.5.3 Life Cycle Savings 37 2.6 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Optimization 40 Homework Problems 43 3 Building Standards and Codes 45 3.1 Impacts of Building Codes 45 3.2 Types of Design Regulations 45 3.2.1 Federal Regulations 45 3.2.2 Building Codes 48 3.2.3 Building Standards 49 3.2.4 Building Guidelines 50 3.2.5 Building Assessment and Rating Systems 51 3.3 Integrative Use of All 56 3.3.1 Integrated Design 56 3.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Design 57 3.3.3 Building Information Modeling 58 Homework Problems 59 References 59 4 Air Properties and Psychrometric Chart 61 4.1 Air Composition 61 4.2 Moist Air and Its Properties 62 4.2.1 Ideal Gas Law 62 4.2.2 Properties 62 4.2.2.1 Pressure: P (Unit: Pa) 62 4.2.2.2 Temperature: T (Unit: K, C, F, R) 64 4.2.2.3 Humidity Ratio: W (Unit: Kg/Kgdry-air) 64 4.2.2.4 Relative Humidity: ϕ (Unit: %) 65 4.2.2.5 Dewpoint Temperature: Tdew (Unit: K, C, F, R) 66 4.2.2.6 Wet-Bulb Temperature: Twet (Unit: K, C, F, R) 66 4.2.2.7 Enthalpy: h (Unit: kJ/kgdry-air, Btu/lbdry-air) 67 4.3 Construction of a Psychrometric Chart 70 4.3.1 Construction of Air Saturation Line as a Function of Temperature 70 4.3.2 Construction of Relative Humidity Lines 71 4.3.3 Construction of Enthalpy Lines 71 4.3.4 Construction of Wet-Bulb Temperature Lines 72 4.3.5 The Final Format of a Psychrometric Chart 74 Homework Problems 77 5 Climate and Site Analysis 79 5.1 Climate Analysis 79 5.1.1 Meteorological Year Data 79 5.1.2 Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Data on Psychrometric Chart 80 5.2 Heating and Cooling Design Climatic Data 99 5.3 Site Analysis 104 Homework Problems 108 6 Indoor Thermal Comfort 109 6.1 Indoor Environment Quality 109 6.2 Indoor Thermal Comfort 109 6.2.1 Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms 109 6.2.2 Energy Conservation Equation 111 6.2.3 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) due to Thermal Comfort 114 6.3 Comfort Zone 118 6.4 Approaches to Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort 125 6.5 Other Thermal Comfort Factors 127 6.5.1 Draft 127 6.5.2 Asymmetry of Radiation 127 6.5.3 Thermal Stratification 128 6.5.4 Thermal Variations with Time 129 6.5.5 Floor Surface Temperature 129 Homework Problems 130 References 131 7 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Infiltration 133 7.1 Indoor Air Quality 133 7.1.1 Causes of Sickness 133 7.1.2 Control of Indoor Contaminants 136 7.2 Ventilation 137 7.2.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) 137 7.2.2 Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP) 141 7.3 Air Purification 143 7.4 Infiltration 149 7.5 Blower Door Test 153 Homework Problems 157 References 158 8 Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 159 8.1 Latent Heat Transfer 159 8.2 Sensible Heat Transfer 160 8.2.1 Heat/Thermal Storage 160 8.2.2 Conduction: Conductive Heat Transfer 163 8.2.3 Convection: Convective Heat Transfer 173 8.2.4 Radiation: Radiative Heat Transfer 181 8.3 Practical Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 189 8.4 Ground Heat Transfer 196 8.4.1 Slab-on-Grade 196 8.4.2 Below-Grade Heat Transfer: Basement Wall and Floor 198 Homework Problems 203 9 Sun and Solar Radiation 207 9.1 Sun and Solar 207 9.2 Solar Angles 209 9.3 Sky Dome and Sun-Path Diagrams 212 9.4 Solar Shading 215 9.5 Solar Radiation on External Walls 218 9.6 Solar Radiation on Windows 221 Homework Problems 229 10 Passive Building Systems 233 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Overview of Passive Cooling 234 10.3 Overview of Passive Heating 235 10.4 Prescreening Feasibility of Passive Cooling and Heating Techniques 236 10.5 Natural Ventilation 239 10.5.1 Principle 239 10.5.2 Performance 239 10.5.3 Design Considerations 240 10.6 Night Cooling with Thermal Mass 243 10.6.1 Principle 243 10.6.2 Performance 244 10.6.3 Design Considerations 244 10.7 Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling 246 10.7.1 Principle 246 10.7.2 Performance 247 10.7.3 Design Considerations 249 10.8 Trombe Wall 250 10.8.1 Principle 250 10.8.2 Performance 251 10.8.3 Design Considerations 251 10.9 Sunspace 252 10.9.1 Principle 252 10.9.2 Performance 252 10.9.3 Design Considerations 253 10.10 Double Skin Façade 254 10.10.1 Principle 254 10.10.2 Performance 254 10.10.3 Design Considerations 255 10.11 Phase Change Material 258 10.11.1 Principle 258 10.11.2 Performance 258 10.11.3 Design Considerations 260 Homework Problems 262 References 263 11 Building Load Calculation 265 11.1 Residential and Light Commercial Buildings 265 11.1.1 Heating Load Calculation 266 11.1.1.1 Through Envelope Structures and Windows 267 11.1.1.2 Through Infiltration 267 11.1.2 Cooling Load Calculation 267 11.1.2.1 Through Envelope Structures 267 11.1.2.2 Through Envelope Glasses 268 11.1.2.3 Through Infiltration 270 11.1.2.4 Due to Occupants and Appliances 270 11.2 Commercial Buildings 271 Homework Problems 276 12 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems 279 12.1 Basics of Heating and Cooling Systems 279 12.1.1 Heating Systems 279 12.1.1.1 Fire Pit and Fireplace 279 12.1.1.2 Hot Water Heating Systems 279 12.1.1.3 Hot Air Heating Systems 281 12.1.1.4 Electrical Heating Systems 286 12.1.2 Cooling Systems 286 12.1.2.1 Principles of Compressive Refrigeration 286 12.1.2.2 Various Air-Conditioning Systems 289 12.2 Basics of Heating and Cooling Distribution Systems 289 12.2.1 All Air System 290 12.2.2 All Water System 292 12.2.3 Air Water System 292 12.3 Heating and Cooling on Psychrometric Chart 293 12.3.1 Change of Sensible Heat 293 12.3.2 Humidification and Dehumidification 297 12.3.3 Cooling and Dehumidification 298 12.3.4 Heating and Humidification 299 12.3.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Air 301 12.4 Central HVAC Systems on Psychrometric Chart 302 12.5 Coil Sizing and Selection 305 Homework Problems 311 Reference 314 13 Building Energy Consumption 315 13.1 Manual Calculation 315 13.1.1 The Degree-Day Method 315 13.1.2 The Bin Method 318 13.2 Computer Simulation 318 13.2.1 Introduction 318 13.2.2 Fundamentals of EnergyPlus (E+) 321 13.2.2.1 General Descriptions of EnergyPlus 321 13.2.2.2 Heat Balance Method of EnergyPlus 322 13.2.3 A Case Study of EnergyPlus (E+) 326 13.2.3.1 EnergyPlus Model Input Uncertainty 329 13.2.3.2 EnergyPlus Model Calibration 329 13.2.3.3 EnergyPlus Model Results 330 13.2.3.4 Summary 335 Homework Problems 336 References 337 14 Building Energy Analysis and Optimization 339 14.1 Overview 339 14.2 Simulation Tools 341 14.3 Benchmark Model Development 341 14.3.1 Developing the Benchmark Model 341 14.3.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Description for the Cold Climate Region 341 14.3.3 Chinese Office Benchmark Performance 343 14.4 Parametric Analysis 344 14.5 Energy Efficiency Measures 344 14.5.1 Selecting Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 344 14.5.2 Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 345 14.6 Initial Optimization 345 14.6.1 Optimization Fundamentals 345 14.6.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Initial Optimization 346 14.7 Sensitivity Analysis 347 14.8 Second Optimization and Recommendations 348 14.9 Conclusions 349 Homework Problems 350 References 352 Index 353

"Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems is a cross-disciplinary, comprehensive approach to the design and engineering fundamentals of energy efficient buildings. This textbook introduces the basic knowledge, calculations, analysis, and principles needed to design energy efficient buildings. The author addresses the essential elements of the subject, including standards and codes, psychrometrics, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, HVAC systems, and more. This textbook is an essential guide for students in civil, architectural, mechanical, and electrical engineering courses that focus on energy, building systems, and building science. Energy Efficient Buildings offers students end-of-chapter questions with solutions as well as sample group projects for course lectures."-- Provided by publisher.

College of Engineering and Computer Studies Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Text in English