Includes bibliographical references and index..

List of abbreviations INTRODUCTIONWhat is grammar?Grammar 'rules' and grammatical structuresStandard EnglishEnglish as a world languageBritish English and American EnglishHow this book is organisedA note on sources CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING SENTENCE STRUCTUREThe constituents of a sentenceThe Grammatical HierarchyForm and function in grammatical description1.4 Subject and verb1.5 Identifying the Subject1.5.1 The Inversion Test1.5.2 The Tag Question Test1.5.3 Subject-verb agreement1.6 Verb types and sentence patterns1.6.1 Intransitive verbs1.6.2 Linking verbs and Subject Complements1.6.3 Monotransitive verbs and Direct Objects1.6.4 Ditransitive verbs and Indirect Objects1.6.5 Complex transitive verbs and Object Complements1.6.6 Adverbial Complements1.6.7 Summary: The six sentence patterns1.7 Active sentences and passive sentences 1.8 Adjuncts1.8.1 The meanings of Adjuncts1.9 Peripheral constituents in sentence structure 1.10 Fragments and non-sentencesEXERCISES CHAPTER 2 WORDS AND WORD CLASSES2.1 Open and closed word classes2.2 Nouns and determiners2.2.1 Singular nouns and plural nouns2.2.2 Common nouns and proper nouns2.2.3 Countable nouns and uncountable nouns2.2.4 Genitive nouns2.2.5 Dependent genitives and independent genitives2.2.6 Determiners2.3 Pronouns 2.3.1 Personal pronouns2.3.2 Possessive pronouns2.3.3 Reflexive pronouns2.3.4 Demonstrative pronouns2.3.5 Quantifying pronouns and numerals2.3.6 Relative pronouns2.3.7 Nominal relative pronouns2.3.8 Interrogative pronouns2.3.9 Pronoun one2.3.10 Pronoun it2.4 Main verbs2.4.1 The five verb forms2.4.2 The base form2.4.3 The -s form2.4.4 The past form2.4.5 The -ed/-en form2.4.6 The -ing form2.4.7 Irregular verbs2.4.8 Regular and irregular variants2.4.9 The verb be2.4.10 Multi-word verbs2.4.11 Light verbs2.5 Auxiliary verbs2.5.1 Modal auxiliary verbs2.5.2 The meanings of modal auxiliaries2.5.3 The passive auxiliary be2.5.4 The progressive auxiliary be2.5.5 The perfective auxiliary have2.5.6 Auxiliary do2.5.7 Semi-auxiliary verbs2.6 Adjectives2.6.1 Gradable adjectives2.6.2 Comparative adjectives and superlative adjectives2.6.3 Participial adjectives2.6.4 Nominal adjectives2.7 Adverbs2.7.1 Circumstantial adverbs2.7.2 Degree adverbs2.7.3 Comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs2.8 Prepositions2.9 ConjunctionsEXERCISES CHAPTER 3 PHRASES3.1 What is a phrase?3.2 The basic structure of phrases3.3 Adverb phrases 3.3.1 The functions of adverb phrases3.4 Adjective phrases3.4.1 Comparative constructions3.4.2 The functions of adjective phrases3.5 Prepositional phrases3.5.1 The functions of prepositional phrases3.6 Noun phrases3.6.1 Noun phrase Heads3.6.1.1 Identifying the Head3.6.2 Determiners and Determinatives3.6.3 Noun phrase Premodifiers3.6.4 Noun phrase Postmodifiers3.6.4.1 Sequential and embedded Postmodifiers3.6.4.2 Postmodifiers and Complements3.6.5 The functions of noun phrases3.6.6 Apposition3.7 Verb phrases3.7.1 The Operator 3.7.2 The ordering of auxiliary verbs3.7.3 Finite verb phrases and non-finite verb phrases3.7.4 Movement3.7.5 Tense3.7.6. Expressing future time3.7.7 Aspect3.7.8 MoodEXERCISESCHAPTER 4 CLAUSES AND SENTENCES4.1 What is a clause?4.2 Subordination4.2.1 Finite and non-finite subordinate clauses4.2.2 Adjunct clauses4.2.2.1 The meanings of Adjunct clauses4.2.3 Relative clauses4.2.4 Nominal relative clauses4.2.5 That-clauses4.2.6 Comparative clauses4.2.7 The functions of clauses in sentences4.2.8 The functions of clauses in phrases 4.3 Coordination 4.3.1 Coordination types4.3.2 The meanings of coordinators4.3.3 Correlative coordinators4.3.4 Quasi-coordination4.4 Sentence types 4.4.1 Declarative sentences 4.4.2 Interrogative sentences4.4.3 Imperative sentences4.4.4 Exclamative sentences4.5 Positive sentences and negative sentences4.6 Inverted sentences4.7 Extraposition and postponement4.8 There-sentences4.9 Cleft sentences4.10 Sentence connectors4.10.1 Logical connectors4.10.2 Structural connectors4.11 Referring expressionsEXERCISESCHAPTER 5 WORD FORMATION AND SPELLING5.1 The structure of words5.2 Prefixes5.3 Suffixes5.4 Compounding and blending5.5 Acronyms, abbreviations, and clipping5.6 Back formations5.7 Combining forms5.8 Inflections5.9 Adding inflections: general spelling rules5.10 Adding -ly and -ally5.11 Plural nouns5.12 Variants with s or z5.13 British and American spelling variants5.14 Problem spellingsANSWERS TO EXERCISESAPPENDIX: English Irregular VerbsGlossary of termsFurther readingIndex

Junior High School

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